Coinbase has introduced x402, a groundbreaking payments protocol designed to enable AI agents and applications to conduct autonomous stablecoin transactions over standard internet protocols. Announced on May 6, x402 facilitates instant stablecoin payments via HTTP, aiming to transform AI agents from tools requiring constant human interaction into independent economic actors.
The protocol revives the experimental HTTP 402 “Payment Required” status code, embedding stablecoin payments directly into web interactions. This integration allows APIs, applications, and AI agents to transact seamlessly, reducing reliance on traditional payment methods like credit cards and bank transfers, which are often slow, costly, and geographically limited.
Erik Reppel, head of engineering at Coinbase Developer Platform and co-author of the x402 white paper, stated, “We’re laying the groundwork for an economy run not just by people, but by software — autonomous, intelligent, and always on.”
Developed in collaboration with Amazon Web Services, Circle, Anthropic, and Near Protocol, x402 allows AI agents to access paid resources in real-time, eliminating the need for pre-paid credits or human-managed accounts. This capability enables AI agents to provision and pay for hardware resources, access specialized data sources through micropayments, and compensate other AI systems for services.
Gagan Mac, vice president of product management at Circle, highlighted that x402 “elegantly simplifies real-time monetization” and unlocks “exciting new use cases like micropayments for AI agents and apps.”
For developers and content creators, x402 offers the ability to monetize APIs, create software unlocks, and implement metered services that dynamically charge users based on actual resource usage, all without the need for blanket subscriptions or credit card minimums and fees.
This initiative marks a significant step toward a more automated internet economy, where AI agents can operate with greater autonomy and efficiency.