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California judge rules DAO members liable under partnership laws

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A California judge has ruled that members of a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) are liable under partnership laws, setting a significant legal precedent for the treatment of DAOs in the United States. The ruling comes as part of a lawsuit filed against the creators of a DAO that allegedly defrauded investors. In his decision, the judge stated that members of the DAO could be held personally responsible for the organization’s actions, treating the group as a partnership rather than an independent entity. This decision raises important questions about the legal status and liability of individuals involved in DAOs, which operate outside traditional corporate structures.

The case involved a group of investors who accused the DAO’s founders of misrepresenting the project and causing significant financial losses. The judge’s ruling, which applies partnership laws to the DAO, implies that members who have a stake in the organization could be held accountable for its obligations and debts. While DAOs are typically designed to be decentralized and operate without a central authority, the court found that the lack of clear legal distinctions left members vulnerable to personal liability, similar to individuals in a general partnership.

Legal experts have noted that this ruling could have broader implications for the burgeoning DAO sector, which has become increasingly popular in the cryptocurrency and blockchain space. DAOs, which often function through smart contracts and rely on token-based governance, have been largely unregulated and have operated in a gray area under current U.S. law. The ruling suggests that individuals participating in DAOs may not be fully protected from legal consequences, and it could prompt lawmakers to consider new legislation or regulations that specifically address the legal treatment of DAOs.

This decision marks a pivotal moment in the intersection of blockchain technology and traditional legal frameworks. As the popularity of DAOs continues to rise, this case may serve as a warning to members of similar organizations about the potential legal risks they face. The ruling could also encourage more clarity in the legal status of DAOs, as both participants and regulators seek clearer guidelines for managing decentralized projects within the existing legal structure.

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EU Markets Regulator Warns Crypto Growth Could Pose Broader Financial Stability Risks

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The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) has warned that the rapid growth of the crypto market could pose significant risks to the broader financial system, particularly as digital assets become more intertwined with traditional finance.

In its latest Markets Risk Monitor report, ESMA pointed to increasing investor interest, rising market capitalization, and expanding institutional involvement as key factors accelerating crypto’s integration into the mainstream. While the regulator acknowledged that crypto markets are still relatively small, it cautioned that the pace of development—especially with products like exchange-traded funds and tokenized financial instruments—could amplify vulnerabilities.

ESMA highlighted several key risks, including high volatility, operational fragility, and liquidity mismatches. It also emphasized concerns around the reliance on a small number of centralized trading platforms, which could act as points of failure in times of market stress.

The authority further warned that the increased presence of retail investors, often lacking adequate risk awareness, heightens the potential for disorderly market conditions. As crypto firms continue expanding their footprint in Europe, the regulator stressed the importance of monitoring how risks might spill over into the traditional financial system.

With the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation set to be fully enforced by 2025, ESMA reaffirmed its commitment to implementing a comprehensive regulatory framework. However, the agency also underscored the need for coordinated international oversight to address the inherently cross-border nature of the crypto industry.

The warning signals a growing urgency among European regulators to stay ahead of evolving risks as digital asset markets mature and become increasingly interconnected with the global financial ecosystem.

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Ethereum has outperformed Bitcoin just 15% of the time since its launch

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Despite being the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, Ethereum (ETH) has outperformed Bitcoin (BTC) in just 15% of its trading history, according to recent market analysis.

Since Ethereum’s launch in 2015, it has occasionally outpaced Bitcoin during specific bullish phases—particularly during altcoin seasons or key upgrade periods like the DeFi summer of 2020 and the NFT boom in 2021. However, over the broader market timeline, Bitcoin has consistently maintained dominance in terms of performance, price stability, and institutional demand.

The data underscores Bitcoin’s resilience as the leading digital asset and highlights the challenges ETH has faced in closing the gap. Ethereum’s fluctuating gas fees, delayed network upgrades, and increasing competition from other smart contract platforms have contributed to its underperformance relative to BTC.

However, Ethereum remains central to Web3 infrastructure and continues to drive innovation in decentralized applications. Analysts note that while Bitcoin may lead in market dominance, Ethereum’s long-term value proposition lies in its ecosystem growth, particularly with Layer-2 expansion and the rise of real-world asset tokenization.

Still, for long-term investors comparing returns, Bitcoin has proven to be the more consistent performer—reinforcing its status as digital gold in the crypto economy.

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Hackers hide crypto address-swapping malware in Microsoft Office add-in bundles

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Cybersecurity researchers have uncovered a new malware campaign that disguises itself within Microsoft Office extension packages to steal cryptocurrency by silently replacing wallet addresses.

The attack involves malicious Office add-ins that, once installed, operate in the background by monitoring clipboard activity. When a user copies a crypto wallet address—for example, during a transaction—the malware instantly replaces it with a wallet address controlled by the attacker, rerouting funds without the user’s knowledge.

This tactic, known as clipboard hijacking, is not new, but its delivery method through Office extensions represents a concerning evolution. Users typically trust Office add-ins for productivity enhancements, making them an ideal vector for stealthy infections.

Researchers warn that the malware is difficult to detect due to its low-profile behavior and integration with legitimate software workflows. It doesn’t trigger conventional security alarms and can persist undetected for long periods, increasing the risk of financial loss.

Security experts are urging crypto users to double-check wallet addresses before confirming transactions and avoid downloading unofficial Office add-ins. Meanwhile, businesses and institutions are advised to strengthen endpoint security and restrict unauthorized plugin installations to mitigate exposure.

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